Water quantity and quality dynamics of the THC — Tuyamuyun Hydroengineering Complex — And implications for reservoir operation

Background In the Aral Sea basin, safe water resources are scarce and steadily becoming scarcer. Particularly high quality water is going to become a rare good. The object of the study was the Tuyamuyun Hydroengineering Complex (THC), a complex of artificial water reservoirs located in the lower Amu Darya River, which provides water for irrigation, industry, and drinking for the lower Amu Darya region. The focus was on operation of one of its four reservoirs, the Kaparas, which is mainly used for drinking water supply. The objective includes the investigation of impacts of conventional operation schemes on the reservoir water quality for improving drinking water quality (salinity). Basic operation rules for Kaparas, which can be considered as representative for conventional dam operation under dry year conditions, had to be identified and improved operation schemes derived. Methods Existing data archives were analysed, and further data were acquired from field surveys, data processing and modelling studies. Historical data were identified, which are appropriate to determine representative schemes for the conventional operation. For the simulation of time-dependent and depth-dependent changes of reservoir salinisation, the reservoir water quality model Lac was used and linked with the THC model. Results and Discussion Modelling results for the simulation of temperature dynamics and density stratification showed a sufficient congruence with the measured temperature profiles. The conformity of measured and calculated salt concentration is basically ensured. The reservoir, which fill with higher saline water at the end of the summer, aggravates the entrainment of high saline water in the entire water column. Conclusions The current conventional operation regime mainly leads to filling the Kaparas reservoir with high saline water during the winter months. Even in the event of starting with comparable low salinity levels, the simulation demonstrates the rapid deterioration of the reservoir water quality. Under dry year conditions, the WHO standards for drinking water will be exceeded by 30% after two years, so that the impact of dry years in the context of water stress becomes visible. Recommendations and Outlook Processed data and results are now available to identify enhanced reservoir operation strategies for salinity reduction by changing the period of reservoir filling and release, as well as to initiate a detailed analysis of how water deficits in dry years may be reduced by improved operation regimes. Using adapted and enhanced operation rules for THC reservoirs, the local population within the lower Aral Sea basin might be supplied with more potable water of higher quality in future.     

基于大坝安全鉴定和专家经验的病险程度评价技术

针对目前我国大坝安全鉴定办法在病险水库严重程度评价中的不足,提出一种大坝病险严重程度的评价方法。以现行大坝安全鉴定技术和专家经验为基础,将水库大坝病险分为五级;提出病险严重性分级以及定性定量转换原则;建立防洪能力、渗流、稳定、变形裂缝、抗震能力、金属结构、工程质量、运行管理、现场检查9个评价大坝病险程度因素的指标体系以及分级和定性-定量转换方法;采用线性加权和法进行病险严重程度综合评价;研究并提出病险程度综合评价影响系数模型以及两种权重确定方法;建立了一套较为完整的病险程度综合评价体系。通过举例分析,提供了使用该方法的途径和过程,表明该方法的可操作性,可行性和实用性。     

水库浅水区底泥营养物质释放与藻类生长关系研究

采用围格试验,通过对自然条件下的水库浅水区底泥及上覆水体的模拟,研究了水库浅水区底泥营养物质的释放规律及其与藻类生长的关系。结果表明:水库浅水区底泥营养物质在第10天开始释放,在第17天出现峰值,营养物质的释放会加速藻类的生长;改变底泥原始上覆水的水质条件,低浓度的原始上覆水可加速底泥营养物质的释放,同时藻类出现峰值的时间晚于高浓度的上覆水;雨季的到来可以加速底泥中P的释放,进而加速藻类的爆发,特别是绿藻爆发;藻类爆发前期,p H和溶解氧均会升高并出现峰值。     

瑞士大坝应急管理特点及其对中国的启示

中国水库大坝应急管理存在应急管理责任体系不清晰,应急预案操作性差,预警设施不完备等突出问题,严重影响大坝应急管理。从应急体制、硬件设施、应急机制、应急预案等方面对比中国和瑞士两国大坝应急管理做法,找到了可供中国借鉴的瑞士经验,认为应当明确政府和水库管理单位在大坝应急管理中的职责划分,简化预案表达方式,加强预案审查审批,完善预警设施,加强宣传演练。     

尾矿库初期坝稳定性的合成孔径雷达干涉变形检测与流固耦合数值模拟分析

某尾矿库初期坝采用分段施工,可能产生不均匀沉降,影响坝体的稳定性。采用孔径雷达干涉技术对尾矿库初期坝进行了短期变形速率观测,得出坝体右侧的后期填筑区域整体上与主体仍能够基本保持同步沉降。建立了三维流固耦合模型,分析了尾矿库初期坝的静力稳定性和渗流稳定性,结果表明:初期坝体的水平位移和竖向位移都在安全范围之内,考虑水和尾砂的共同作用,后期堆积坝堆积至1765m高程时,坝体顶部和后期回填区域,存在小量位移变形,静态稳定性安全系数达到2.25,初期坝能够保持稳定。     

FOA优化GRNN网络的尾矿库安全预测

从尾矿库安全管理实际出发,针对尾矿库安全预测影响因素多、波动性大和非线性的特点,提出了果蝇算法优化广义回归神经网络的尾矿库安全预测模型。通过利用果蝇优化算法的全局寻优特性对广义回归神经网络进行参数优化,同时采用相关分析方法选取尾矿库安全评价指标,实现尾矿库的安全评价预测。以辽宁本溪南芬尾矿库为研究实例进行预测仿真,实验结果表明:相较于GRNN网络模型和BP网络模型,采用果蝇算法优化的GRNN模型预测精度更高,适用性更强,在尾矿库安全预测方面具有很大的实际应用价值。     

冬季水库水源中MIB和土嗅素的产生与降解机理

2-甲基异冰片(MIB) 和土嗅素(geosmin)由放线菌,真菌和蓝绿藻代谢产生,这两种物质是目前造成饮用水具有霉味和土味的主要原因.以包头市画匠水库为研究对象,运用推流式反应器基本模型和OriginPro 9.0线性拟合法,分析冬季水源水库水中MIB和土嗅素净产率与损失率;运用双膜理论计算嗅味物质挥发速率常数.结果表明,冬季画匠水库0.55m冰层下,透射光照强度(Surface PAR)为70 ~ 636W/m2,平均光照强度为114.8W/m2,存在合适藻类代谢产生异味物质的光照条件.封冻前后,水库水中MIB和土嗅素浓度逐渐增高,并以60~102ng/L的较高浓度水平维持到来年解冻,此后二者浓度逐渐降低到较低水平,呈规律性变化.曲线拟合结果显示,冬季画匠水库水中MIB/土嗅素的产生与减少均符合准一级反应动力学模型(R2为0.941~0.989).由于低温与冰层阻碍等原因,影响水库中MIB/土嗅素的损失主要因素是出流携带;冰层融化后,挥发和出流携带是MIB/土嗅素减少的主要原因.MIB和土嗅素冬季产生速率常数为4.119, 2.146ng/(L×d),水流携带损失速率常数为0.032d-1.冰层融化后,MIB产生速率为1.012ng/(L×d),损失速率为0.072d-1,藻细胞产率4.57×10-8ng/(L×d×cell);土嗅素产生速率常数为1.638ng/(L×d),损失速率为0.083d-1,藻细胞产率5.46×10-8ng/(L×d×cell).     

Organochlorine pesticide in water and bottom sediment from Aiba Reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria)

Levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediment from Aiba reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria) have been assessed. The aim of the study was to investigate the pollution status of the reservoir water and the bottom sediment. Analytical measurements were carried out for 20 OCPs using standard literature methods. The results showed higher levels of OCPs in the bottom sediment than the water. Significant positive correlations at p<0.05 level were observed for OCPs compounds in water except γ-BHC and endosulfan III, whereas in sediments α-chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan II, pp-DDT, endrin ketone and methoxychlor did not show any correlation, and aldrin was negatively correlated with pp-DDD. The mean levels of OCPs in both water and sediments were higher, in most cases, than recommended levels for drinking water. Owing to possible toxicity and bioaccumulation tendency of OCPs by the aquatic habitats, the levels of OCPs detected in water and sediment samples could be a source of future health problems. Environmental monitoring of the reservoir is highly recommended.     

扬水曝气器类型对分层水库藻类控制效果的影响

为优选扬水曝气器的类型以更经济有效地原位控藻,建立了基于Fluent软件的水库水动力与水质数值模拟方法,在不同温度梯度和水深条件下,预测了淹没式和非淹没式扬水曝气器对分层水库中藻类控制的效果. 以金盆水库扬水曝气水质改善工程为案例,对扬水曝气器外围流场和藻类混合迁移过程进行数值模拟. 结果显示,垂向流速和藻密度的模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好. 在典型的扬水曝气器运行条件下,水深分别为77.25、87.25和97.25 m时,淹没式和非淹没式扬水曝气器的外围流场均以顺时针环流为特征;淹没式扬水曝气器的环流发展较远,表层藻密度分别被削减了86.8%、88.2%、90.6%;扬水曝气器类型对藻密度削减率的影响不大. 采用淹没式扬水曝气器时,77.25、87.25和97.25 m水深下核心控藻区占整个流场区域的比例分别为39.71%、41.14%和42.73%,分别比非淹没式的高14.81%、8.95%和2.69%;藻类完全混合的时间分别为10、12和14 d,分别比非淹没式的少8、7和6 d. 不同季节和水深条件下的模拟结果表明,采用淹没式扬水曝气器,核心控藻区域较大,藻类混合较快.      

长江流域大型水库富营养化特征及成因分析

在对长江流域27座大型水库营养状况调查评价的基础上,深入分析了大型水库富营养化的特征和成因。结果表明水库富营养化状况与水库类型、水库流域的位置和水库的功能存在着明显的关系,湖泊型水库富营养化程度高于河道型水库,以灌溉为主的水库富营养化程度高于以发电为主的水库;调查的14座河道型水库和13座湖泊型水库中,分别有21.4%的河道型水库和69.2%的湖泊型水库达到富营养化水平;以发电为主的水库30%已达到富营养标准,而以灌溉为主的水库中达到富营养的占53.8%。另外,水库的富营养化程度与水文情势的变化密切相关,通过水位或水滞留时间的调节,对营养物质、藻类组成和现存量进行调控,影响水库富营养化进程。最后,提出对水文情势的调控是控制水库富营养化的有效措施之一。